Verb

Verbs Express Actions
Verbs are doing words. A verb can express:
A physical action (e.g., to swim, to write, to climb).
A mental action (e.g., to think, to guess, to consider).
A state of being (e.g., to be, to exist, to appear).

Lots of Verbs Express Physical Actions
Here are some sentences with the verbs highlighted. (These verbs express physical actions.)

She sells pegs and lucky heather.
(In this example, the word sells is a verb. It expresses the physical activity to sell.)
The doctor wrote the prescription.
(In this example, the word wrote is a verb. It expresses the physical activity to write.)
Alison bought a ticket.
(The word bought is a verb. It expresses the physical activity to buy.)
Verbs Express Mental Actions Too
As we covered at the start, verbs do not necessarily express physical actions like the ones above. They can express mental actions too:

Example:
She considers the job done.
(The word considers is a verb. It expresses the mental activity to consider.)
Peter guessed the right number.
(The word guessed is a verb. It expresses the mental activity to guess.)
I thought the same thing.
(The word thought is a verb. It expresses the mental activity to think.)

Verbs Express a State of Being
A small, but extremely important group of verbs do not express any activity at all. The most important verb in this group – arguably of all – is the verb to be. As already mentioned, this is seen in forms like is, are, were, was, will be, etc. 

Pronouns

Most of the time, a pronoun is used to replace a noun. The following are all pronouns: he, she, they, none, and which. There are lots more. As you can see, pronouns are usually short words. They are used to make sentences less cumbersome and less repetitive. 

Examples:

Clutching the coin, Maria ran to the shops. She went straight to the counter and bought the sweets.

(She is a pronoun. In this example, it replaces the noun Maria. Pronouns are used for brevity. Imagine how wearisome a long prose would be if the writer used the full noun (in this case Maria every time.)

The 8-mile walk passes through pasture, parkland and woodland. It takes you alongside many points of interest including a disused airfield.

(It is a pronoun. In this example, it replaces the 8-mile walk.)

Tell the finance team that they can use the minibus tomorrow.

(They is a pronoun. It replaces the finance team.)

More Than Just the Personal Pronouns

I, you, he, she, it, we, they, and who are all pronouns. As these pronouns often replace nouns representing people, they are called the personal pronouns. When most people think of pronouns, it is the personal pronouns that usually spring to mind, but, in fact, there are several different types of pronouns, including: 

Prepositions

A preposition is a word which precedes a noun (or a pronoun) to show the noun's (or the pronoun's) relationship to another word in the sentence. (The word preposition comes from the idea of being positioned before. It is not true to say that a preposition always precedes a noun or a pronoun, but it does most of the time.)

The following are all prepositions:
above, about, across, against, along, among, around, at, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, by, down, during, except, for, from, in, inside, into, like, near, of, off, on, since, to, toward, through, under, until, up, upon, with and within.

Role of a Preposition
Prepositions are important when constructing sentences. A preposition sits before a noun to show the noun's relationship to another word in the sentence.

Examples:
It is a container for butter.
(The preposition for shows the relationship between butter and container.)
The eagle soared above the clouds.
(The preposition above shows the relationship between clouds and soared.)

Pitfalls with Prepositions
For native English speakers, grammatical errors involving prepositions are rare. The most common errors involving prepositions are shown on the right. That said, there are several points of which to be aware:

Interjections

What Are Interjections?
Interjections are words used to express strong feeling or sudden emotion. They are included in a sentence (usually at the start) to express a sentiment such as surprise, disgust, joy, excitement, or enthusiasm.
An interjection is not grammatically related to any other part of the sentence.

Examples of interjections (shaded):
Hey! Get off that floor!
Oh, that is a surprise.
Good! Now we can move on.
Jeepers, that was close.
Yes and No
Introductory expressions such as yes, no, indeed, and well are also classed as interjections.

Examples:
Indeed, this is not the first time the stand has collapsed.
Yes, I do intend to cover the bet.

I'm sure I don't know half the people who come to my house. Indeed, for all I hear, I shouldn't like to. (Oscar Wilde)

Well, it's 1 a.m. Better go home and spend some quality time with the kids. (Homer Simpson)
Phew!

Examples:
Phew! I am not trying that again.
Humph! I knew that last week.
Mmmm, my compliments to the chef.
Ah! Don't say you agree with me. When people agree with me, I always feel that I must be wrong. (Oscar Wilde)

Conjunctions

What Are Conjunctions?

Conjunctions are used to join words or groups of words together. The most common ones are and, or, and but. (There are many others.)

Types of Conjunctions

Conjunctions can be categorized into one of three groupings:

Coordinating Conjunctions

Coordinating conjunctions are the ones that spring to mind when people think about conjunctions. They include and, but, or, nor, for, so, and yet.

Coordinating conjunctions are used to join individual words, phrases, and independent clauses.

Coordinating Conjunctions Joining Individual Words:

Jamie, Adam, and Lee arranged to meet by The Bull at 7 o'clock. 

It is a small but practical kitchen. 

Coordinating Conjunctions Joining Individual Phrases:

The finance manager or his new deputy from Holland will notify you when the report is ready to send. 

John or his new deputy from Holland will notify you when the report is ready to send. 

(You can join a mix of words and phrases with a coordinating conjunction. Here, the conjunction or groups the word John and the phrase his new deputy from Holland.)

Coordinating Conjunctions Joining Individual Clauses:

A little sincerity is a dangerous thing, and a great deal of it is absolutely

fatal. (Oscar Wilde)

(Here, the conjunction and joins two independent clauses.)

We are all in the gutter, but some of us are looking at the stars.  (Oscar Wilde)

History will be kind to me, for I intend to write it.  (Winston Churchill)

The word coordinating means of equal rank. Usually, the elements joined by a coordinating conjunction are of equal rank. It is unusual, but possible, to see a mix of these groups joined by a coordinating conjunction.

Correlative Conjunctions

Correlative conjunctions appear in pairs. For example, either...or, neither...nor, whether...or, and not only...but also.

This man is either dead or my watch has stopped. (Groucho Marx)

Subordinating Conjunctions

Subordinating conjunctions include: after, although, as, because, before, if, once, since, than, that, though, till, until, when, where, whether, and while.

They are used to show the relationship between an independent clause a dependent clause.

Adverb

What Is an Adverb?
An adverb can be added to a verb to modify its meaning. Usually, an adverb tells you when, where, how, in what manner, or to what extent an action is performed.

Many adverbs end in ly — particularly those that are used to express how an action is performed.
Although many adverbs end ly, lots do not, e.g., fast, never, well, very, most, least, more, less, now, far, and there.

Examples:
Anita placed the vase carefully on the shelf.
(The word carefully is an adverb. It shows how the vase was placed.)

Tara walks gracefully.
(The word gracefully is an adverb. It modifies the verb to walk.)
He runs fast.
(The word fast is an adverb. It modifies the verb to run.)
You can set your watch by him. He always leaves at 5 o'clock.
(The word always is an adverb. It modifies the verb to leave.)
The dinner guests arrived early.
(early modifies to arrive)
She sometimes helps us.
(sometimes modifies to help)
I am the only person in the world I should like to know thoroughly. (Oscar Wilde)
(thoroughly modifies to know)

Types of Adverbs
Although there are thousands of adverbs, each adverb can usually be categorized in one of the following groupings:
Adverbs of Time
Press the button now.
(now - adverb of time)

I have never been.
(never - adverb of time)

I tell him daily.
(daily - adverb of time)
Adverbs of Place
Daisies grow everywhere.
(everywhere - adverb of place)

I did not put it there.
(there - adverb of place)
Adverbs of Manner
He passed the re-sit easily.
(easily - adverb of manner)

The lion crawled stealthily.
(stealthily - adverb of manner)
Adverbs of Degree
That is the farthest I have ever jumped.
(farthest - adverb of degree)

He boxed more cleverly.
(more cleverly - adverb of degree and manner.)

Adverbs Can Modify Adjectives and Other Adverbs
Although the term adverb implies that they are only used with verbs, adverbs can also modify adjectives and other adverbs. For example:

The horridly grotesque gargoyle was undamaged by the debris.
(The adverb horridly modifies the adjective grotesque .)

Peter had an extremely ashen face.
(The adverb extremely modifies the adjective ashen.)

Badly trained dogs that fail the test will become pets.
(The adverb badly modifies the adjective trained.)
(Note: The adjective trained is an adjective formed from the verb to train. It is called a participle.)

She wore a beautifully designed dress.
(The adverb beautifully modifies the adjective designed.)

Peter Jackson finished his assignment remarkably quickly.
(The adverb quickly modifies the verb to finish. The adverb remarkably modifies the adverb quickly.)

Definition of Adjective

Adjectives are describing words. Large, grey, and friendly are all examples of adjectives. In the examples below, these adjectives are used to describe an elephant.

Examples:

Large elephant

Grey elephant

Friendly elephant

Adjectives Modify Nouns

The word elephant is a noun. Adjectives are added to nouns to state what kind, what colour, which one or how many. Adjectives are said to modify nouns and are necessary to make the meanings of sentences clearer or more exact.

Examples:

Follow the yellow cab.

(In this example, the adjective yellow modifies the noun cab.)

Craig caught a large bass.

(In this example, the adjective large modifies the noun bass.)

It is the girl with the pale face again.

The principal words should be in bold.

(Beware of the adjective principal - see right)

The rusty nail he stood on was the cause of the infection.

Please put the old documents in the shredder.

There is an essential matter we need to discuss.

Peter guessed the right number.

Adjectives Modify Pronouns

Although less common, adjectives can also modify pronouns.

Examples:

It is a blue one.

(In this example, the adjective blue modifies the pronoun one.)

Only a brave few have received a recommendation.

Nouns

A noun is a word for a person, place, or thing. (You might like to think of nouns as naming words.)Everything we can see or talk about is represented by a word which names it. That "naming word" is called a noun. Sometimes a noun will be the name for something we can touch (e.g., lion, cake, computer), and sometimes a noun will be the name for something we cannot touch (e.g., bravery, mile, joy).

Everything is represented by a word that lets us talk about it. This includes people (e.g., man, scientist), animals (e.g., dog, lizard), places (e.g., town, street), objects (e.g., vase, pencil), substances (e.g., copper, glass), qualities (e.g., heroism, sorrow), actions (e.g., swimming, dancing), and measures (e.g., inch, ounce). 

Here are some more examples:

soldier - Alan - cousin - Frenchman   (< names for people)

rat - zebra - lion - aardvark (< names for animals)

house - London - factory - shelter   (< names for places)

table - frame - printer - chisel (< names for objects)

lead - nitrogen - water - ice (< names for substances)

kindness - beauty - bravery - wealth - faith (< names for qualities)

rowing - cooking - barking - reading - listening (< names for actions)

month - inch - day - pound - ounce (< names for measures)

verb tenses