ANALYSIS
OF COMPOUND SENTENCES (Clause Analysis)
64. A
compound sentence is made up of two or more principal or main clauses joined
together
by a Co-ordinating conjunction and sometimes includes one or more subordinate
clauses.
1. The
horse reared and the rider was thrown.
[2
main clauses]
2. They
were fond of music, played on various kinds of instrument, and
indulged
in much singing.
[3
main clauses]
3. They
asked him how he received the wound, but he refused to answer.
[2
main clauses + 1 subordinate clause]
4. He says
what he means, and he means what he says.
[2
main clauses +2 subordinate clauses]
It has
been already pointed out ( § 27) that the term Double is now used for a
sentence
which is
made up of two main clauses, and the term Multiple for a sentence of more than
two
main clauses,
65. In
accordance with this new terminology, 1, 3, and 4 are Double sentences, and 2
is a
Multiple sentence.
66. The
connection between two main clauses of a Compound sentence may be one of the
following four kinds:-
(1)
Copulative; as
God made
the country and man made the town.
Babar was not
only a great soldier, he was also a wise ruler.
He cannot
speak, nor can he write.
He plays
the piano, he sings also.
The
innocents were punished as well as the guilty.
Here
in each sentence the main clauses are simply coupled together.
(2)
Adversative; as,
He is
slow, but he is sure.
I did my
best, nevertheless I failed.
He is
rich, yet he is not happy.
He is
vain, still his friends adore him.
Here
in each sentence the two main clauses are opposed in meaning to each other.
(3)
Alternative or Disjunctive; as,
She must
weep, or she will die.
Either he
is mad, or he feigns madness.
Neither a
borrower, nor a lender be.
Walk
quickly, else you will not overtake him.
Here in
each sentence the two main clauses are disjoined in meaning, and a choice
between
them is offered for acceptance.
(4)
Illative; as,
He is
diligent, therefore he will succeed.
He is
unwell, so he cannot attend office.
The angles
are equal, consequently the sides are equal
Here in
each sentence the second clause draws an inference from the first.
67.
Sometimes no connecting word is used to join two main clauses; as,
Temperance
promotes health, intemperance destroys it.
Her
court was pure; her life serene.
68.
Sometimes a Subordinate Conjunction is used to join the clauses of a Compound
sentence;
as,
I shall
see you to-morrow, when (= and then) we can finish the business.
I
walked with him to the station, where (= and there) we parted.
69.
Compared sentences are often contracted. For example, when the main clauses
have:-
(1) A
common Subject; as,
He chid their wanderings, but relieved their pain.
=
He chid their wanderings, but he relieved their pain.
(2) A
common Verb; as,
Some
praise the work, and some the architect.
=
Some praise the work, and some praise the architect.
70. Study
carefully the clause analysis of the following:-
(1) One
day Bassanio came to Antonio, and told him that he wised to repair his fortune
by a wealthy marriage with a
lady whom
he dearly loved, whose father had left her sole heiress to a large estate.
Analysis:-
This
is a Compound or Double sentence, consisting of:-
A. One day Bassanio came to Antonio. (Principal clause).
B.
Bassanio told him...(Principal clause co-ordinate with A.)
B1. That
he wished to repair his fortune by a wealthy marriage with a lady. (Noun
clause,
object of
told in B.)
b2. Whom
he dearly loved. (Adjective clause, subordinate to b1, qualifying lady.)
b3. Whose
father had left her sole heiress to a large estate., (Adjective clause,
subordinate
to b1, qualifying lady, and co-ordinate with b2.)
(2) Before
he died, the good Earl of Kent, who had still attended his old master's steps
from the
first of his daughters' ill-usage to this sad period of his decay, tried to
make him
understand
that it was he who had followed him under the name of Caius; but Lear's
carecrazed brain at that time could not comprehend how that could be, or how
Kent and Caius could be the same person.
Analysis:- This is a Compound or Double sentence, consisting
of:-
A. The
good Earl of Kent tried to make him understand...(Principal clause).
a1. Before
he died. (Adverb clause, modifying tried in A).
a2. Who
had still-attended his old master's steps from the first of his daughters'
ill-usage
to this
sad period of his decay. (Adjective clause, qualifying Earl of Kent in A.)
a3. That
it was he. (Noun clause, object of understand in A.)
a4. Who
had followed him under the name of Caius. (Adjective clause, subordinate to a3,
qualifying he.)
B. But
Lears's care-crazed brain at that time could not comprehend (Principal clause,
coordinate
with A.)
b1. How
that could be. (Noun clause, object of comprehend in B.)
b2. Or how
Kent and Caius could be the same person. (Noun clause, object of comprehend in
B; co-ordinate with b1.)
Exercise
57.
Analyse
the following:-
1. I am
satisfied with things as they are; and it will be my pride and pleasure to hand
down
this country to my children as I received it from those who preceded me.
2. Some
politicians of our time lay it down as a self-evident proposition that no
people
ought
to be free till they are fit to use their freedom.
3. He [a
gentleman] never speaks of himself except when compelled, never defends
himself by
a mere retort; he has no ears for slander or gossip, is scrupulous in imputing
motives
to those who interfere-with him, and interprets everything for the best,
4. Subhash
Chandra Bose died before his aim was achieved, and yet he will always be
remembered
as a great hero, who fought and sacrificed his life for the freedom of the
country.
5. The
notice which you have been pleased to take of my labours, had it been early,
had
been
kind; but it has been delayed till I am indifferent, and cannot enjoy it.
6. I hope
it is no very cynical asperity not to confess obligations where no benefit has
been
received, or to be unwilling that the public should consider me as owing that
to a
patron,
which Providence has enabled me to do for myself.
7. While I
was doing this, I found the tide began to flow, though very calm, and I had the
mortification
to see my coat, shirt, and waistcoat, which I had left on shore upon the sand,
swim
away.
8. With
reluctance he accepted the invitations of his kindly and faithful Persian
friend,
who
scolded him for refusing meat; but he replied that too much eating led man to
commit
many sins.
9.
Macaulay had wealth and fame, rank and power, and yet he tells us in his
biography
that
he owed the happiest hours of his life to books.
10. A
literary education is simply one of many different kinds of education and it is
not
wise that
more than a small percentage of the people of any country should have an
exclusively
literary education.
11. The
way into my parlour is up a winding stair, And I've many curious things to show
when
you are there.
12. They
love to see the flaming forge,
And hear
the bellows soar,
And catch
the burning sparks that fly.
Like
chaff from a threshing floor.
13. The
friends who had left came back every one,
And
darkest advisers looked bright as the sun.
14. She
lived unknown and few could know,
When
Lucy ceased to be.
15. Three
wives sat up in the lighthouse tower,
And
they trimmed the lamps as the sun went down.
16. His
hair was yellow as hay.
But
threads of a silvery grey
Gleamed
in his tawny beard.
Exercise
58.
(Miscellaneous)
Analyse the following:-
1. When
Abraham sat at his tent door, according to his custom, waiting to entertain
strangers,
he espied an old man, stooping and leaning on his
staff,
weary with age and travel, coming towards him. who was a hundred years of age.
2. When
the old man was gone, God called to Abraham and asked him where the stranger
was.
3.
He replied, I thrust him away because he did not worship Thee.
4. While
you are upon Earth enjoy the good things that are here (to that end were they
given)
and be not melancholy, and wish yourself in heaven.
5. There
is no saying shocks me so much as that which I hear very often that a man does
not
know how lo pass his time.
6. You
must observe, my friend, that it is the custom of this country, when a lady or
gentleman
happens to sing, for the company to sit as mute and as motionless as statues.
7. Mr.
Burchell had scarce taken leave, and Sophia consented to dance with the
chaplain,
when my
little ones came running out to tell us that the Squire was come with a crowd
of
company.
8. I hope
it will give comfort to great numbers who are passing through the world in
obscurity, when I inform them how easily distinction may be obtained.
9. All who
have meant good work with their whole hearts, have done good work, although
they may die before they have the time to sign it.
10. We are
told that, while still a mere child, he stole away from his playfellows to a
vault in St. James's Fields, for the purpose of investigating the cause of a
singular echo which he had observed there.
11. The
slave who was at his work not far from the place where this astonishing piece
of
cruelty
was committed, hearing the shrieks of the dying person ran to see what was the
occasion
of them.
12. Every
insignificant author fancies it of importance to the world to know that he
wrote
his book
in the country, that he did it to pass away some of his idle hours, that it was
published
at the importunity of friends, or that his natural temper, studies, or
conversation
directed
him to the choice of his subject.
13. I
consider a human soul without education like marble in the quarry, which shows
none of
its inherent beauties, until the skill of the polisher fetches out the colours,
makes
the
surface shine, discovers every ornamental cloud, spot, and view that run
through the
body
of it.
14. When
the Athenians in the war with the Lacedaemonians received many defeats both
by sea and
land, they sent a message to the oracle of Jupiter Ammon, to ask the reason
why they
who erected so many temples to the gods, and adorned them with such costly
offerings,
should be less successful than the Lacedaemonians, who fell so short of them
in
all these particulars.
15. He
that holds fast the golden mean,
And lives
contentedly between
The
little and the great,
Feels not
the wants that pinch the poor,
Nor
plagues that haunt the rich man's door,
Embittering
all his state.
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