233. Such
words as are not derived or compounded or developed from other words are
called
Primary Words. They belong to the original stock of words in the language.
(i)
Compound Words, formed by joining two or more simple words; as, Moonlight,
nevertheless,
undertake, man-of-war.
(ii)
Primary Derivatives, formed by making some change in the body of the simple
word;
as,
Bond
from bind, breach from break, wrong from wring.
Note:- The
most important class of words formed by internal change consists of the Past
Tenses
of Primary Verbs, which are not usually classed as Derivatives.
(iii)
Secondary Derivatives, formed by an addition to the beginning or the end; as,
unhappy;
goodness.
An
addition to the beginning of a word is a Prefix, an addition to he end is a
Suffix.
(I) COMPOUND WORDS
234.
Compound words are, for the most part, Nouns, Adjectives and Verbs.
235.
Compound Nouns may be formed from:-
(1) Noun +
Noun ; as,
Moonlight,
chess-board, armchair, postman, railway, airman, manservant, fire-escape,
jailbird,
horse-power, shoemaker, ringleader, screwdriver, taxpayer, teaspoon, haystack,
windmill.
(2)
Adjective + Noun; as,
Sweetheart,
nobleman, shorthand, blackboard, quicksilver, stronghold, halfpenny.
(3) Verb +
Noun; as,
Spendthrift,
makeshift, breakfast, telltale, pickpocket, cut-throat, cutpurse, daredevil,
scarecrow,
hangman.
(4) Gerund
+ Noun; as,
Drawing-room,
writing-desk, looking-glass, walking-stick, blotting paper, stepping-stone,
spelling-book.
(5) Adverb
(or Preposition) + Noun ; as,
Outlaw,
afterthought, forethought, foresight, overcoat, downfall, afternoon, bypath,
inmate,
off-shoot, inside.
(6) Verb +
Adverb ; as,
Drawback,
lock-up, go-between, die-hard, send-off.
(7) Adverb
+ Verb ; as,
Outset,
upkeep, outcry, income, outcome.
236.
Compound Adjectives may be formed from :-
(1)
Noun+Adjective (or Participle); as,
Blood-red,
sky-blue, snow-white, pitch-dark, breast-high, skin-deep, purse-proud,
lifelong,
world-wide, headstrong, homesick, stone-blind, seasick, note-worthy,
heartrending,
ear-piercing,
time-serving, moth-eaten, heartbroken, bed-ridden, hand-made,
sea-girl,
love-lorn.
(2) Adjective
+ Adjective; as,
Red-hot,
blue-black, white-hot, dull-grey, lukewarm
(3) Adverb
+ Participle; as,
Long-suffering,
everlasting, never-ending, thorough-bred, well-deserved, outspoken,
down-hearted,
far-seen, inborn.
237.
Compound Verbs may be formed from:-
(1)
Noun+Verb; as,
Waylay,
backbite, typewrite, browbeat, earmark.
(2)
Adjective+Verb; as,
Safeguard,
whitewash, fulfil.
(3)
Adverb+Verb; as,
Overthrow,
overtake, foretell, undertake, undergo, overhear, overdo, outbid, outdo, upset,
ill-use.
Note:- In
most compound words it is the first word which modifies the meaning of the
second.
The accent is placed upon the modifying word when the amalgamation is
complete.
When the two elements of the compound are only partially blended, a hyphen
is
put between them, and the accent falls equally on both parts of the compound.
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