Thursday, April 4, 2013

Chain of Detonation/ Explosive Train


Chain of Detonation/ Explosive Train

Initiator /Igniter 
It is used initiate the detonation sequence e.g Flame, Friction, Striker, Chemical etc. 

Delay Device 
It is device to provide required delay. e.g safety fuse, clock, timer, switch, remote control, etc. Switches are four i.e Push Switch, Pull Switch, Push to release, Pull to Release Switch. 

Blasting Cap/ Detonator. 
A Detonator is a device , Consisting of primary high Explosive , used to trigger an explosive device. Detonator can be chemically, mechanically or electrically initiated, the latter two being the most common. Detonators are of two type i.e Electrical & non Electrical. 

Booster. 
When amount of main charge is very huge a booster is used between blasting Cap and main charge. Blasting Cap detonates the booster and then booster further detonates the main charge (For huge blast only other wise not required) 

Main charge 
Insensitive High Explosive or Secondary High Explosive Sometime mixed with low Explosive is used as Main Charge e.g TNT, RDX, PETN Dynamite etc.

Explosive


Explosive

It is a chemically unstable material which is when suitably initiated, change its chemical composition rearranging its molecules to become stable from an unstable structure, resulting intense pressure on its surrounding with a simultaneous evolution of great amount of heat and gases causing destruction.

i.                  









Low explosive

An explosive whose velocity of detonation is less than 331 m/s (Speed of Sound) is called low explosive. When initiated, chemical reaction is comparatively slow. Low explosive are mostly solid combustible materials that decomposed rapidly, but do not normally explode. This action is known as deflationary  Black powder, smoke powder, Gun powder and carbide are example of low explosive.




ii. High Explosive
An explosive whose velocity of detonation is more than 331 m/s (Speed of Sound) is called High explosive. . When initiated, chemical reaction is very fast. When initiated by a blow or shock, it decomposes almost instantaneously
TNT (Tri Nitro Toluene) RDX, (Research Departmental Explosive), C-4 (Composition-4), PETN (Penta  Erythritol Tetra Nitrate), NG (Nitro Glycerin), ANFO (Ammonium Nitro Fuel Oil), TATP (Tri Acetone Tri Per Oxide) SEMTEX (Plastic Explosive) High Explosive Further Divided into two Groups.

a. Primary High Explosive.

A Primary High Explosive is an explosive that is extremely to stimuli such as impact. Friction, heat static electricity or electromagnetic radiation. A relatively small amount of energy is required for initiation . e.g Lead Azide, Led Styphnate , Silver Azide, Mercury Fulminate, Mercury Nitride, Nitro Glycerin ,PETN. 






b. Secondary High Explosive 
A secondary High Explosive is less sensitive than a primary explosive and require substantially more energy to be initiated. Because they are less sensitive are usable in a wider variety of applications and are safer to handle and store. Secondary Explosive are used in larger quantities in an explosive train and are usually initiated by a smaller quantity of primary explosive. e.g TNT,RDX,C-4,SEMTEX.

Dangrous Goods.


Dangrous Goods.
Dagrous goods are defines as those goods which meet the criteria of one or more of nine United Nations Hazrads classes and where applicable , to ne of three united nation Packing Groups according to the provisions.
Dangrous goods are classified into 09x classes in accordance to the optional risk associated with them while transporting by Air.

1.       Explosive
2.       Gasses
3.       Flammable Liquid
4.       Flammable Solid
5.       Oxidizing Substance and organic per Oxides
6.       Toxic and infectious Substance
7.       Radio Active Material
8.       Corrosive
9.       Miscellanea Dangerous Goods.

Dangerous Goods are divided into 03x Unite Nation Packing Group.
1.       UN Packing Group-I        (To Pack the items presenting High Danger)
2.       UN Packing Group-II       (To Pack the items presenting Medium Danger)
3.       UN Packing Group-III     (To Pack the items presenting Low Danger)

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