38. As we
have seen, an Adjective Clause in a Complex sentence is a subordinate clause
which does
the work of an Adjective, and so qualifies some noun or pronoun in the main
clause.
An
Adjective Clause is introduced by a Relative Pronoun or by a Relative Adverb;
as,
Uneasy
lies the head that wears a crown.
He is the
man whom we all respect.
The time
when the boat leaves is not yet fixed.
The house
where the accident occurred is nearby.
The
reason why I did it is obvious.
39.
Sometimes, however, a Relative Pronoun introduces a Coordinate clause; as,
I
met Rama, who (= and he) gave me your message.
Here we are using the Relative Pronoun who to introduce a
coordinate clause.
[It might
appear, at first sight, that the clause, who gave me your message, is an
Adjective
clause and
therefore Subordinate. It will be seen that this is not the case however, for
it in
no
way identifies or describes Rama.
In the
sentence,
He
is the boy who broke the window.
the
clause, who broke the window, clearly identifies and describes the boy, and is
therefore
an Adjective clause.]
40. Below
are further examples of who (and which) used to introduce a co-ordinate
clause.
1. I met
Mr. Joshi, who (= and he) thereupon shook hands with me.
2. The
prisoner was taken before the Captain, who (= and he) condemned him to instant
death.
3. He gave
me a message, which (- and it) is this.
4.
He released the bird, which (= and it) at once flew away.
41. The
Relative Pronoun or the Relative Adverb, introducing an Adjective clause, is
sometimes
understood, and not expressed; as,
1. Eat all
--- you can.
[Here
the Relative Pronoun that is understood.]
2. I saw a
man --- I know.
[Here
the Relative Pronoun whom is understood.]
3. Where's
the book --- he left for me ?
[Here
the Relative Pronoun which is understood.]
4. On the
day --- you pass the examination I shall give you a reward.
[Here
the Relative Adverb when is understood.]
5. The
reason --- I have come is lo ask for my money.
[Here
the relative Adverb why is understood.]
42. In
order English but was used as a relative pronoun as in the sentences below. In
such
cases
but is equivalent to a relative pronoun followed by not.
1. There
was not a woman present hut wept to hear such news.
[That
is, who did not weep to hear such news.]
2. And not
a man of the three hundred at Thermopylae but died at his post.
[That
is, who did not die at his post.]
3. Nor is
there a man here but loved our Caesar. [That is, who did not love our
Caesar.]
4. There
was not a widow but longed to die upon the pyre of her husband.
[That
is, who did not long to die, etc.]
5. There
is no fireside but has one vacant chair. [That has not one vacant
chair.]
43. Note
that than is sometimes used as a Preposition before a Relative Pronoun in the
Adjective
Clause; as,
They
elected Rama than whom no better boy ever went to school. We will follow Brutus
than whom
Rome knows no nobler son. It was a blow than which no crueller was ever
struck.
44. The
infinitive with to is often used as the equivalent of an Adjective Clause.
1. (a)
Give me some food which I may eat.
(b)
Give me some food to eat.
2. (a) He
has no boots which he can wear,
(b)
He has no boots to wear.
3. (a) The
doctor has given me medicine which I must take.
(b)
The doctor has given me medicine to take.
4. (a) I
have work which I must do.
(b)
I have work to do.
5.(a) His
mother gave him Rs. 10 which he might put in his money-box.
(b)
His mother gave him Rs. 10 to put in his money-box.
Exercise
40.
Pick out
each Adjective Clause in the following sentences and say which noun or
pronoun in
the main clause it qualifies:-
1. This is
the house that Jack built.
2. He that
climbs too high is sure to fall.
3. She
sleeps the sleep that knows no waiting.
4. We
obeyed the order the teacher gave us,
5.
Servants that are honest are trusted.
6. They
never fail who die in a great cause.
7. We love
those who love us.
8. The
moment which is lost is lost for ever.
9. I have
a little shadow which goes in and out with me,
10. It is
an ill wind that blows nobody good.
11. Youth
is the time when the seeds of character are sown.
12. It was
the schooner Hesperus that sailed the wintry sea.
13. They
never pardon who have done the wrong.
14. He has
a son who has made a name for himself.
15. A
friend who helps you in time of need is a real friend.
16. All
that glitters is not gold.
17. He
could not answer the question I asked him.
18. He
laughs best who laughs last.
19. All
the blessings we enjoy come from God.
20. They
that are whole have no need of the physician.
21. Little
good work can be expected from men who are great boasters.
22. The
plan you propose is a very good one.
23. The
night is long that never finds the day.
24. It is
a long lane that has no turning.
25. He
gave me everything I asked-for.
26. He
failed in everything that he laid his hands upon.
27. He has
tricks that remind me of his father.
28. I duly
received the message you sent me.
29. The
fox saw the grapes which hung over the garden wall.
30. The
bark that held a prince went down.
31. He
that is down need fear no fall.
32. We are
such stuff as dreams are made on.
33. The
man that hath no music in his soul is fit for treason.
34. True
love's the gift which God has given to man alone beneath the heaven.
35. Not a
soldier discharged his farewell shot
O'er the
grave where our hero we buried,
36. Who
lives longest sees the most.
37. Often
I think of the beautiful town
That
is seated by the sea.
Exercise
41.
Make ten
sentences, each containing an Adjective Clause, in which a Relative Pronoun is
understood
Exercise
42.
Make ten
sentences, each containing an Adjective Clause, in which a Relative Adverb is
understood.
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